Journal Description
Applied Sciences
Applied Sciences
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all aspects of applied natural sciences published semimonthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Multidisciplinary) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our authors say about Applied Sciences.
- Companion journals for Applied Sciences include: Applied Nano, AppliedChem, Applied Biosciences, Virtual Worlds, Spectroscopy Journal and JETA.
Impact Factor:
2.7 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.9 (2022)
Latest Articles
Real-Time Navigation Roads: Lightweight and Efficient Convolutional Neural Network (LE-CNN) for Arabic Traffic Sign Recognition in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093903 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
Smart cities are now embracing the new frontier of urban living, with advanced technology being used to enhance the quality of life for residents. Many of these cities have developed transportation systems that improve efficiency and sustainability, as well as quality. Integrating cutting-edge
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Smart cities are now embracing the new frontier of urban living, with advanced technology being used to enhance the quality of life for residents. Many of these cities have developed transportation systems that improve efficiency and sustainability, as well as quality. Integrating cutting-edge transportation technology and data-driven solutions improves safety, reduces environmental impact, optimizes traffic flow during peak hours, and reduces congestion. Intelligent transportation systems consist of many systems, one of which is traffic sign detection. This type of system utilizes many advanced techniques and technologies, such as machine learning and computer vision techniques. A variety of traffic signs, such as yield signs, stop signs, speed limits, and pedestrian crossings, are among those that the traffic sign detection system is trained to recognize and interpret. Ensuring accurate and robust traffic sign recognition is paramount for the safe deployment of self-driving cars in diverse and challenging environments like the Arab world. However, existing methods often face many challenges, such as variability in the appearance of signs, real-time processing, occlusions that can block signs, low-quality images, and others. This paper introduces an advanced Lightweight and Efficient Convolutional Neural Network (LE-CNN) architecture specifically designed for accurate and real-time Arabic traffic sign classification. The proposed LE-CNN architecture leverages the efficacy of depth-wise separable convolutions and channel pruning to achieve significant performance improvements in both speed and accuracy compared to existing models. An extensive evaluation of the LE-CNN on the Arabic traffic sign dataset that was carried out demonstrates an impressive accuracy of 96.5% while maintaining superior performance with a remarkably low inference time of 1.65 s, crucial for real-time applications in self-driving cars. It achieves high accuracy with low false positive and false negative rates, demonstrating its potential for real-world applications like autonomous driving and advanced driver-assistance systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Transportation and Future Mobility)
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Open AccessFeature PaperReview
Bioferments and Biosurfactants as New Products with Potential Use in the Cosmetic Industry
by
Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Ewelina Maria Błońska-Sikora, Katarzyna Kulik-Siarek, Aizhan Zhussupova and Małgorzata Wrzosek
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3902; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093902 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
The cosmetics industry is one of the fastest growing markets in terms of searching for new ingredients. Recently, there has been a growing interest in products made during fermentation, which are being introduced into cosmetics with increasing frequency, creating a market that emphasizes
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The cosmetics industry is one of the fastest growing markets in terms of searching for new ingredients. Recently, there has been a growing interest in products made during fermentation, which are being introduced into cosmetics with increasing frequency, creating a market that emphasizes the positive image of healthy, environmentally friendly components with a positive effect on skin. Scientists mainly focus on examining biological activity as well as the impact on changes in the production of bioactive ingredients in various plant species undergoing fermentation. The studies show that bioferments have scientifically proven anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects, among other skin benefits. Due to the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, ecofriendly compounds are being sought. This group includes surfactants, which are also obtained by fermentation. Plant-based and microbial biosurfactants, due to their multifunctional properties, such as detergency, emulsifying, foaming, moisturizing, and antibacterial activity, can replace chemical surfactants in many skincare formulations. This review focuses especially on elucidating the importance of the bioferments and biosurfactants and their potential in the cosmetic industry.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Vertical and Horizontal Jumping Asymmetries on Linear and Change-of-Direction Speed Performance of Female Soccer Players
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Georgios Svynos, Yiannis Michailidis, Pavlos Kotsakis, Athanasios Mandroukas, Ioannis Metaxas, Ioannis Gissis and Thomas I. Metaxas
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3901; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093901 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
In recent years, along with the remarkable development of women’s soccer, significant attention has been given to the study of asymmetry in lower limbs. However, there is uncertainty about whether and to what extent jumping asymmetries affect the performance of female soccer players.
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In recent years, along with the remarkable development of women’s soccer, significant attention has been given to the study of asymmetry in lower limbs. However, there is uncertainty about whether and to what extent jumping asymmetries affect the performance of female soccer players. The aims of this study were to examine (a) possible asymmetries in jumping ability and (b) the correlations between asymmetries and performance of female soccer players in 10 m and 30 m speed tests, as well as in change-of-direction speed tests. The study involved 12 adolescent (age: 15.8 ± 0.8 years, body mass: 59.4 ± 7 kg and height: 160.5 ± 5.1 cm) and 10 adult female soccer players (age: 22.3 ± 4.4 years, body mass: 62.2 ± 7.5 kg and height: 165.7 ± 6.1 cm). Pearson’s correlations showed no statistically significant relationships between vertical and horizontal asymmetries and time in 10 m, 30 m and 505 change-of-direction speed tests for adolescent players. In adult players, a significantly high correlation was found between asymmetries in single-leg hop tests (for distance) and time in 505 change-of-direction speed tests (r = 0.68, p < 0.05). Adult players showed higher asymmetry values in vertical and horizontal jump tests, but these asymmetries were not significant (p > 0.05). Practitioners are recommended to implement strength and power training programs, as well as injury prevention protocols, aiming to reduce asymmetries, in order to minimize the risk of injuries, and potentially improve performance of female soccer players in certain fitness tests.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics: Sport Performance and Injury Prevention III)
Open AccessArticle
Structural Performance of Bolted Lateral Connections in Steel Beams under Bending Using the Component-Based Finite Element Method
by
Guillermo Morido-García and César De Santos-Berbel
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3900; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093900 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
Structures must provide strength, stability, and stiffness to buildings and at the same time be efficient. This study addressed the effect of design elements and parameters on the strength of bolted lateral connections in steel beams under bending using the component-based finite element
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Structures must provide strength, stability, and stiffness to buildings and at the same time be efficient. This study addressed the effect of design elements and parameters on the strength of bolted lateral connections in steel beams under bending using the component-based finite element method. The variables evaluated were plate thickness, horizontal and vertical spacing between bolts, and geometric arrangement of bolts. Finite element software was used to evaluate the stress state of the junction plate, its plastic deformation, and bolt shear. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine which bolt arrangements result in safer and more efficient designs using the same components. Stress distribution within the junction plate and plastic deformation values were used to evaluate the structural performance of the joints according to EuroCode 3. The results showed that placing bolts near the edge of a plate affected the bolts’ utilization, especially with thinner plates. Additionally, introducing an offset between central and outer bolt rows is not recommended as it worsened the stress distribution and the structural performance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)
Open AccessArticle
Detection of Small Targets in Photovoltaic Cell Defect Polarization Imaging Based on Improved YOLOv7
by
Haixia Wang, Fangbin Wang, Xue Gong, Darong Zhu, Ruinan Wang and Ping Wang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3899; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093899 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
A photovoltaic cell defect polarization imaging small target detection method based on improved YOLOv7 is proposed to address the problem of low detection accuracy caused by insufficient feature extraction ability in the process of small target defect detection. Firstly, polarization imaging technology is
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A photovoltaic cell defect polarization imaging small target detection method based on improved YOLOv7 is proposed to address the problem of low detection accuracy caused by insufficient feature extraction ability in the process of small target defect detection. Firstly, polarization imaging technology is introduced, using polarization degree images as inputs to enhance the edge contour information of YOLOv7 for detecting small targets; then, the COT self-attention mechanism is added to reconstruct the SPPCSPC module to improve YOLOv7’s ability to capture and fuse small target features in complex backgrounds; next, the normalized Wasserstein distance (NWD) is used to replace the traditional loss function based on intersection over union (IoU) metric, reducing the boundary offset between the prior box and the closest real target box in the prediction process of the object detection model and reducing the sensitivity of the YOLOv7 network to small object position deviations; finally, by constructing a shortwave infrared polarization imaging system to obtain polarization images of photovoltaic cells and detect small targets with scratch defects in photovoltaic cells, the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified. The results show that the proposed method has good recognition ability for small target defects in photovoltaic cells. By applying the constructed dataset, the detection accuracy reaches 98.08%, the recall rate reaches 95.06% and the mAP reaches 98.83%.
Full article
Open AccessReview
Terpenes as Potential Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease Agents
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Elisabete Lima and Jorge Medeiros
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3898; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093898 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the main cause of dementia worldwide. However, currently, the approved drugs to combat AD are effective only in treating its symptoms. In fact, an efficacious treatment for this complex and multifactorial disorder remains to
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the main cause of dementia worldwide. However, currently, the approved drugs to combat AD are effective only in treating its symptoms. In fact, an efficacious treatment for this complex and multifactorial disorder remains to be discovered, demanding the urgent development of new therapeutic approaches for the disease, such as the use of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs) from natural sources. Sessile organisms, like plants, are unable to escape from adverse environmental conditions and must therefore create their own defense. Their main defense strategy is chemical defense that includes the production of an enormously diverse array of bioactive SMs, such as terpenes and their derivatives. This largest and most diverse group of plant SMs also provide the treatment of several diseases due to their broad-spectrum bioactivities, for example, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the evaluation of the neuroprotective potential of terpenes is imperative. It is known that the major AD clinical indications (CIs) are extracellular senile plaques of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein, intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau (τ) neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), uncommon neuroinflammatory response, oxidative stress, and synaptic and neuronal dysfunction. Therefore, terpenes that may decrease these CIs might be used for AD treatment. Surely, terpenes targeting more than one AD pathogenic mechanism, multi-target drug ligands (MTDLs), have the potential to become a leading AD treatment. Thus, this review analyzes, for each CI, the scaffolds of the selected terpenes leading to the highest activity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Organic and Medicinal Chemistry)
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Open AccessArticle
Pointwise Nonparametric Estimation of Odds Ratio Curves with R: Introducing the flexOR Package
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Marta Azevedo, Luís Meira-Machado, Francisco Gude and Artur Araújo
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3897; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093897 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
The analysis of odds ratio curves is a valuable tool in understanding the relationship between continuous predictors and binary outcomes. Traditional parametric regression approaches often assume specific functional forms, limiting their flexibility and applicability to complex data. To address this limitation and introduce
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The analysis of odds ratio curves is a valuable tool in understanding the relationship between continuous predictors and binary outcomes. Traditional parametric regression approaches often assume specific functional forms, limiting their flexibility and applicability to complex data. To address this limitation and introduce more flexibility, several smoothing methods may be applied, and approaches based on splines are the most frequently considered in this context. To better understand the effects that each continuous covariate has on the outcome, results can be expressed in terms of splines-based odds ratio (OR) curves, taking a specific covariate value as reference. In this paper, we introduce an R package, flexOR, which provides a comprehensive framework for pointwise nonparametric estimation of odds ratio curves for continuous predictors. The package can be used to estimate odds ratio curves without imposing rigid assumptions about their underlying functional form while considering a reference value for the continuous covariate. The package offers various options for automatically choosing the degrees of freedom in multivariable models. It also includes visualization functions to aid in the interpretation and presentation of the estimated odds ratio curves. flexOR offers a user-friendly interface, making it accessible to researchers and practitioners without extensive statistical backgrounds.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biostatistics & Statistical Computing)
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Open AccessArticle
Virtual Simulation Design and Debugging of Lift-and-Transverse Stereo Garage Based on the Digital Twin
by
Ke Zhang and Ziyang Ding
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3896; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093896 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
In the face of the challenges of limited urban space and the continuous increase of vehicles, stereo garages have been widely used as a solution in cities. In order to improve the automation and intelligence level of the stereo garage, this paper applies
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In the face of the challenges of limited urban space and the continuous increase of vehicles, stereo garages have been widely used as a solution in cities. In order to improve the automation and intelligence level of the stereo garage, this paper applies the digital twin technology to the lift-and-transverse stereo garage. A five-dimensional model of a digital twin has been developed based on an actual stereo garage. Combined with S7-PLCSIM Advanced, Botu TIA Portal, and NX MCD to build a virtual simulation platform, realizing the virtual simulation design and debugging of the digital twin-based stereo garage. This approach allows to test and optimize operational processes without relying on physical equipment, reducing labor and field debugging costs, shortening deployment cycles, and significantly reducing development costs. In addition, MCD allows real-time monitoring and control of security risks and failures detected. Finally, the feasibility of the virtual simulation and debugging scheme based on digital twin is verified by comparing the operation data of the virtual model and the actual stereo garage, which provides new ideas for the intelligent development of stereo garage but also can be used as an important reference for the development of equipment in other areas.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automation and Robotics: Latest Achievements, Challenges and Prospects, Volume 2)
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Open AccessArticle
Unveiling the Knee Injury Landscape: A Comprehensive Study of Youth Male Football Players in the Central Region of Saudi Arabia
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Latifah Almansour, Walaa Sayed Mohammad, Walaa Elsais, Asma Alonazi and Danah Alyahya
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3895; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093895 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
Knee injuries represent a significant health concern for young male football players in Saudi Arabia. Despite global research on football-related injuries, there is a distinct lack of studies focusing on this demographic in the Saudi context. This research aims to fill this gap,
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Knee injuries represent a significant health concern for young male football players in Saudi Arabia. Despite global research on football-related injuries, there is a distinct lack of studies focusing on this demographic in the Saudi context. This research aims to fill this gap, offering insights into injury prevalence and risk factors, thereby contributing to athlete well-being and informing tailored interventions. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of knee injuries among youth male football players in Saudi Arabia, with a focus on injury patterns, risk factors, and associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 104 male football players who represent five Saudi clubs and are aged 18.82 ± 0.68 years. Injury data, including severity, timing, and mechanisms, were collected. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the impact of various factors on the likelihood of knee injuries. The study revealed that 37.5% of participants reported prior knee injuries, predominantly muscle injuries (61.5%) occurring during training. Ligamentous injuries, particularly anterior cruciate ligament injuries, were also notable (25.6%). Logistic regression analyses indicated that factors such as age, weight, height, body mass index, playing position, duration of playing football, and playing surface significantly influenced the odds of sustaining a knee injury. This study provides insights into the prevalence and patterns of knee injuries among youth male football players in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Muscle injuries are common. Factors such as age, weight, and playing position contribute to the risk of knee injuries. The findings underscore the need for targeted injury prevention strategies and player education programs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Finite Element Analysis of Combined Bearing Characteristics of Pile–Soil Interaction in Composite Foundation
by
Sugang Sui, Xiaoyan Zhang, Kaiyu Lu, Ze Li, Wenlian Liu, Hanhua Xu and Pengwei Han
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3894; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093894 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
Composite foundations have been widely used and promoted in practical engineering applications. However, research on the joint-bearing mechanism of piles and soil within composite foundations is still not comprehensive enough. This paper proposes a method for calculating the additional internal forces of piles
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Composite foundations have been widely used and promoted in practical engineering applications. However, research on the joint-bearing mechanism of piles and soil within composite foundations is still not comprehensive enough. This paper proposes a method for calculating the additional internal forces of piles and soil within composite foundations. Based on a three-dimensional finite element analysis, this study investigates the variation patterns of the stress, displacement, and additional internal forces of piles and soil in the depth direction under the action of upper loads when using friction piles and end-bearing piles. This research aims to reveal the bearing performance of piles and soil. The results showed that, under the same conditions and due to the presence of end-bearing effects, the internal forces experienced by the entire pile body of the end-bearing piles were more uniform, exhibiting significant advantages in resisting deformation and being able to withstand larger loads. Additionally, the diffusion mechanism of the vertical forces, stresses, and displacements of piles and soil is discussed. Due to the negative frictional resistance of soil and the influence of pile end-bearing effects, the distribution of internal forces and the displacements of piles and soil exhibited different characteristics. This study provides a scientific reference for the theoretical analysis and design of composite foundations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Construction and Infrastructure: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Reassessing the Location, Magnitude, and Macroseismic Intensity Map of the 8 April 1893 Svilajnac (Serbia) Earthquake
by
Miodrag I. Manić and Borko Đ. Bulajić
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3893; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093893 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
A devastating earthquake took place on 8 April 1893, close to the town of Svilajnac, central Serbia. Over the past decade, significant historical data on the effects of this earthquake has been collected from a variety of sources, including books, scientific publications, reports,
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A devastating earthquake took place on 8 April 1893, close to the town of Svilajnac, central Serbia. Over the past decade, significant historical data on the effects of this earthquake has been collected from a variety of sources, including books, scientific publications, reports, newspapers, and coeval chronicles. Additionally, this earthquake was recorded 750 km from the epicenter at the seismological station Rocca di Papa in Rome, Italy. Based on critical review and analysis of the historical data, we demonstrate that the epicentral area of this earthquake was 531 km2, and the macroseismic effects were recorded at epicentral distances up to 600 km towards the west (Vienna, Austria) towards the north, up to 500 km (Košice–Michalovce, Slovakia), towards the east up to 460 km (Brašov–Borsec, Romania); and towards the south up to about 300 km (Radoviš, North Macedonia). Finally, we show that the key parameters of the 1893 Svilajnac earthquake are as follows: (1) epicentral intensity, I0 = IX EMS-98, (2) the estimations of the moment magnitude and focal depth based on the observed intensities, MW = 6.8 and h = 13 km, respectively, and (3) the epicenter coordinates, 44.160° N and 21.354° E.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Seismic Hazard Assessment)
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Open AccessArticle
Numerical Study on Failure Mechanisms of Deep Roadway Sidewalls with Different Height-Width Ratios and Lateral Pressures
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Xingzhong Wu, Yubao Zhang, Minglu Xing, Bo Jiang and Jianye Fu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3892; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093892 - 01 May 2024
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The stability of roadway sidewalls is crucial to ensuring people’s safety and production efficiency in coal mining. This paper investigated the deformation and failure of deep roadway sidewalls, particularly the effects of height-width ratios and lateral pressure coefficients. Our research results indicate that
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The stability of roadway sidewalls is crucial to ensuring people’s safety and production efficiency in coal mining. This paper investigated the deformation and failure of deep roadway sidewalls, particularly the effects of height-width ratios and lateral pressure coefficients. Our research results indicate that brittle failure occurred in the diabase sidewall rock of the Datai coal mine, and a V-shaped pit was formed as a result of shear damage caused by high stress. When the height-width ratio of a roadway increases from 0.25 to 2.00, the tensile and shear plastic failure area of the sidewall increases, and vertical stress is transferred to a deep part of the roadway sidewall. There are two stress concentration zones and two stress peak points in the sidewall of a roadway. When the lateral pressure coefficient increases from 0.10 to 1.00, the tensile plastic zone of rock mass in the sidewall first decreases and gradually reaches stability. On the other hand, the shear failure area increases and then decreases. Similarly, the sidewall horizontal displacement decreases and then increases. Additionally, the vertical stress concentration position is located near the roadway sidewall.
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Open AccessArticle
Comprehensive Six-Degrees-of-Freedom Trajectory Design and Optimization of a Launch Vehicle with a Hybrid Last Stage Using the PSO Algorithm
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Ukte Aksen, Alim Rustem Aslan and Umit Deniz Goker
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3891; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093891 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
Increased performance with reduced overall cost, and precise design and optimization of launch systems are critical to affordability. In this respect, the use of hybrid motors has increased to ease handling based on motor selection. In the current study, the launch vehicle’s performance
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Increased performance with reduced overall cost, and precise design and optimization of launch systems are critical to affordability. In this respect, the use of hybrid motors has increased to ease handling based on motor selection. In the current study, the launch vehicle’s performance is enhanced by incorporating a hybrid rocket motor into the last stage and optimized using particle swarm optimization to develop a six-degrees-of-freedom tool. This modification aims to increase payload placement flexibility, facilitate handling, and reduce costs. Thanks to the interactive subsystems within this research, this innovative study more comprehensively considers the launch vehicle trajectory design problem, allowing the simultaneous consideration of the effect of launch vehicle geometry along with other parameters in the system. In this context, the proposed method is applied to the Minotaur-I launch vehicle, and contributions of the detailed design and optimization are presented. Optimization results show that the percentage differences between these models for the original vehicle were observed to be 11.55% in velocity and 8.02% in altitude. However, there were differences of 10.06% and 48.8%, 15.8% and 23.2%, and 19.5% and 78.9% in altitudes and velocities when the center of gravity and moment of inertia changes were neglected, and constant aerodynamic coefficients were assumed, respectively. In all these cases, it was observed that the flight path angle was not close to zero. Moreover, the same mission was achieved by the launch vehicle with the optimized hybrid last stage and the propulsion performance was increased by about 7.64% based on the specific impulse and total impulse-over-weight ratio.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aerospace Science and Engineering)
Open AccessArticle
Adaptive Shadow Compensation Method in Hyperspectral Images via Multi-Exposure Fusion and Edge greenFusion
by
Yan Meng, Guanyi Li and Wei Huang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3890; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093890 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
Shadows in hyperspectral images lead to reduced spectral intensity and changes in spectral characteristics, significantly hindering analysis and applications. However, current shadow compensation methods face the issue of nonlinear attenuation at different wavelengths and unnatural transitions at the shadow boundary. To address these
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Shadows in hyperspectral images lead to reduced spectral intensity and changes in spectral characteristics, significantly hindering analysis and applications. However, current shadow compensation methods face the issue of nonlinear attenuation at different wavelengths and unnatural transitions at the shadow boundary. To address these challenges, we propose a two-stage shadow compensation method based on multi-exposure fusion and edge fusion. Initially, shadow regions are identified through color space conversion and an adaptive threshold. The first stage utilizes multi-exposure, generating a series of exposure images through adaptive exposure coefficients that reflect spatial shadow intensity variations. Fusion weights for exposure images are determined based on exposure, contrast, and spectral variance. Then, the exposure sequence and fusion weights are constructed as Laplacian pyramids and Gaussian pyramids, respectively, to obtain a weighted fused exposure sequence. In the second stage, the previously identified shadow regions are smoothly reintegrated into the original image using edge fusion based on the p-Laplacian operator. To further validate the effectiveness and spectral fidelity of our method, we introduce a new hyperspectral image dataset. Experimental results on the public dataset and proposed dataset demonstrate that our method surpasses other mainstream shadow compensation methods.
Full article
Open AccessCase Report
Inadvertent Tooth Movement from a Bonded Mandibular Lingual Retainer—A Case Report with a Follow-Up 3D Analysis of Tooth Movement and a Microscopic Evaluation of the Wire
by
Maciej Jedliński, Katarzyna Tandecka, Katarzyna Grocholewicz and Joanna Janiszewska-Olszowska
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3889; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093889 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
Background: One of the rarest complications of fixed orthodontic retention is inadvertent tooth movement of the teeth bonded to the retainer. A 25-year-old patient presented at the orthodontist as she was preoccupied about the position of the lower teeth. The aim of this
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Background: One of the rarest complications of fixed orthodontic retention is inadvertent tooth movement of the teeth bonded to the retainer. A 25-year-old patient presented at the orthodontist as she was preoccupied about the position of the lower teeth. The aim of this case report was to present a follow-up of anterior teeth alignment after fixed retainer removal and to analyze the structure of the removed fixed orthodontic retainer in a patient suffering from a twist effect. Materials and Methods: The retainer that caused inadvertent movement has been removed, and subsequent teeth displacement was assessed with scan superimposition. The retainer structure and diameter were analyzed with a laser confocal microscope. Results: The superimposition showed significant improvements in the position of the teeth. The sole removal of the activated retainer resulted in a partial self-correction of the twist effect. Under microscopic observation, changes in the dimensions of the wire were found but were too small to cause significant changes in tooth position. Conclusions: A fixed retainer should always be removed when a twist effect is diagnosed. The wire sections covered with composite are less likely to untwist. In the presented case, the changes in the dimensions of the round retainer wire could not have led to changes in the teeth’s positions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Dentistry and Oral Sciences)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Rubber Cup Rotational Speeds during Tooth Polishing on Sound, Early Caries, and Cracked Tooth Surfaces
by
A-Young Chun and Hee-Eun Kim
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3888; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093888 - 01 May 2024
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High-speed rubber cup polishing can exacerbate tooth surface damage, especially when preexisting conditions such as early caries or cracks exist. This study aimed to quantify the extent of damage to sound teeth based on rotating rubber cup speed and assess the damage in
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High-speed rubber cup polishing can exacerbate tooth surface damage, especially when preexisting conditions such as early caries or cracks exist. This study aimed to quantify the extent of damage to sound teeth based on rotating rubber cup speed and assess the damage in relation to the tooth surface condition. Using a rubber cup, 36 sound teeth were polished at 100, 3000, and 10,000 rpm, and 24 teeth with early carious lesions and 24 cracked teeth were polished at 3000 and 10,000 rpm. Polishing was performed using a rubber cup and prophylaxis paste, applying an on–off method (3.0 N force for 3 s). Damage depth was quantified using a surface profilometer and examined using scanning electron microscopy. Polishing at 10,000 rpm caused significantly more damage to sound teeth than polishing at lower speeds (depth increase: 71.45 ± 15.12 µm at 100 rpm; 61.91 ± 17.82 µm at 3000 rpm; p < 0.001). Teeth with early carious lesions or cracks demonstrated more damage after polishing than sound teeth (p < 0.05). Therefore, the rotational speed of the rubber cup has a critical impact on the extent of enamel damage. Higher speeds can increase the damage depth in both sound and damaged tooth surfaces.
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Open AccessArticle
An S–K Band 6-Bit Digital Step Attenuator with Ultra Low Insertion Loss and RMS Amplitude Error in 0.25 μm GaAs p-HEMT Technology
by
Quanzhen Liang, Kuisong Wang, Xiao Wang, Yuepeng Yan and Xiaoxin Liang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3887; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093887 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
This paper presents an ultra-wideband, low insertion loss, and high accuracy 6-bit digital step attenuator (DSA). To improve the accuracy of amplitude and phase shift of the attenuator, two innovative compensation structures are proposed in this paper: a series inductive compensation structure (SICS)
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This paper presents an ultra-wideband, low insertion loss, and high accuracy 6-bit digital step attenuator (DSA). To improve the accuracy of amplitude and phase shift of the attenuator, two innovative compensation structures are proposed in this paper: a series inductive compensation structure (SICS) designed to compensate for high frequency attenuation values and a small bit compensation structure (SBCS) intended for large attenuation bits. Additionally, we propose insertion loss reduction techniques (ILRTs) to reduce insertion loss. The fabricated 6-bit DSA core area is only 0.51 mm2, and it exhibits an attenuation range of 31.5 dB in 0.5 dB steps. Measurements reveal that the root-mean-square (RMS) attenuation and phase errors for the 64 attenuation states are within 0.18 dB and 7°, respectively. The insertion loss is better than 2.54 dB; the return loss is better than −17 dB; and the input 1 dB compression point (IP1 dB) is 29 dBm at IF 12 GHz. To the best of our knowledge, this chip presents the highest attenuation accuracy, the lowest insertion loss, the best IP1dB, and a good matching performance in the range of 2–22 GHz using the 0.25 μm GaAs p-HEMT process.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects in Applied Electromagnetics)
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Open AccessArticle
The Advancement and Utilization of Marx Electric Field Generator for Protein Extraction and Inducing Structural Alterations
by
Voitech Stankevič, Kamilė Jonynaitė, Ahmed Taha, Skirmantas Keršulis, Aldas Dervinis, Sebastjanas Kurčevskis, Sonata Tolvaišienė, Arūnas Stirkė and Nerija Žurauskienė
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3886; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093886 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
This study introduces an innovative two-range, 12-stage Marx pulse generator employing thyristor switches designed specifically for the electroporation of biological cells. The generator consists of two module capacitors of different capacitances (1 μF and 0.25 μF), which enable the generation of electrical pulses
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This study introduces an innovative two-range, 12-stage Marx pulse generator employing thyristor switches designed specifically for the electroporation of biological cells. The generator consists of two module capacitors of different capacitances (1 μF and 0.25 μF), which enable the generation of electrical pulses with different durations and amplitudes of up to 25 kV. Safety aspects, including overcurrent and overvoltage protection mechanisms, are implemented in both the software and the hardware. In the experimental section, the tests of the Marx generator with resistive load are described in detail, and the results for the voltage fluctuations, pulse duration, and output characteristics of the generator are presented. The advantages of the design, including the high output voltage, the wide range of repetition rates, and the flexibility of the pulse parameters, are emphasized. Additionally, the research showcases the utilization of the devised generator for industrial purposes. Hence, an investigation into the efficiency of protein extraction from microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) and the impacts of pulsed electric fields (PEFs) on the structural characteristics of casein micelles (CSMs) was chosen as an illustrative example. The obtained results provide valuable insights into the application of PEF in food processing and biotechnology and underline the potential of the developed generator for sustainable and environmentally friendly practices.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electroporation Systems and Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Training of a Neural Network System in the Task of Detecting Blue Stains in a Sawmill Wood Inspection System
by
Piotr Wolszczak, Grzegorz Kotnarowski, Arkadiusz Małek and Grzegorz Litak
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3885; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093885 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
This article presents the operation of an automatic pine sawn timber inspection system, which was developed at the Woodinspector company and is offered commercially. The vision inspection system is used to detect various wood defects, including knots, blue stain, and mechanical damage caused
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This article presents the operation of an automatic pine sawn timber inspection system, which was developed at the Woodinspector company and is offered commercially. The vision inspection system is used to detect various wood defects, including knots, blue stain, and mechanical damage caused by worms. A blue stain is a defect that is difficult to detect based on the color of the wood, because it can be easily confused with wood defects or dirt that do not impair its strength properties. In particular, the issues of detecting blue stain in wood, the use of artificial neural networks, and improving the operation of the system in production conditions are discussed in this article. While training the network, 400 boards, 4 m long, and their cross-sections of 100 × 25 [mm] were used and photographed using special scanners with laser illuminators from four sides. The test stages were carried out during an 8-hour workday at a sawmill (8224 m of material was scanned) on material with an average of 10% blue stain (every 10th board has more than 30% of its length stained blue). The final learning error was assessed based on defective boards detected by humans after the automatic selection stage. The system error for 5387 boards, 550 m long, which had blue staining that was not detected by the scanner (clean) was 0.4% (25 pieces from 5387), and 0.1 % in the case of 3412 boards, 610 mm long, on which there were no blue stains, but were wrongly classified (blue stain). For 6491 finger-joint boards (180–400 mm), 48 pieces were classified as class 1 (clean), but had a blue stain (48/6491 = 0.7%), and 28 pieces did not have a blue stain, but were classified as class 2 (28/3561 = 0.7%).
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Vision Measurement System on Product Quality Control)
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Open AccessReview
Research Progress on Key Mechanical Components of the Pneumatic Centralized Fertilizer Discharge System
by
Longmei Zhang, Wensheng Yuan, Chengqian Jin, Yugang Feng, Gangwei Liu and Yu Hu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3884; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093884 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
The pneumatic centralized fertilizer discharge system is an important part of pneumatic fertilization machinery and mainly includes a fertilizer discharge device, an air–fertilizer mixing device and a pneumatic distribution device. In this paper, the mechanical structure, key parameters and research methods of pneumatic
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The pneumatic centralized fertilizer discharge system is an important part of pneumatic fertilization machinery and mainly includes a fertilizer discharge device, an air–fertilizer mixing device and a pneumatic distribution device. In this paper, the mechanical structure, key parameters and research methods of pneumatic centralized discharge devices, air–fertilizer mixing devices and pneumatic distribution devices at home and abroad are briefly analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of these existing devices are summarized, the existing problems are discussed and improvement methods are put forward. In this paper, the structural adaptability, uniformity and stability of the fertilizer discharge of different types of fertilizer discharge devices, such as external groove wheel types, spiral types and centrifugal types, are comprehensively analyzed. The working principle of air–fertilizer mixing devices using the Venturi effect to achieve the uniform mixing of fertilizer and airflow is expounded. The effects of air–fertilizer mixing devices with different structural forms and parameters on mixing performance and the motion characteristics of air–solid two-phase flows are analyzed. The influence of the internal structure, key parameters and distribution mode of pneumatic distribution devices on the uniformity and accuracy of fertilizer distribution are analyzed. This paper focuses on how to improve the uniformity, stability and consistency of discharge across rows provided by the pneumatic centralized fertilizer discharge system. The research status and progress made regarding the core components of the pneumatic centralized fertilizer discharge system at home and abroad are summarized. Based on different research results, the key factors and methods for improving the uniformity of fertilizer discharge are discussed.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Agriculture 4.0: From Precision Agriculture to Smart Farming)
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